Today, the need to engage in Conservation agriculture is vital, but it was not been adequately paid attention by Iranian farmers. The promotion of agriculture as the main founder of this must have an active and appropriate presence, which undoubtedly faces countless strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Therefore, the present study aimed at designing an optimal Conservation agriculture model in Kermanshah province. The research population in this section is the experts of the Conservation agriculture Office and agricultural extension specialists. The identification of the samples was done purposefully and using the maximum difference method. Data collection tools are in-depth individual and group interviews and questionnaires and data analysis tools are SWOT technique. The findings showed that despite the weaknesses and threats, the presence of young experts, the low cost of implementing agricultural Conservation, the existence of government credits for equipping could promote the Conservation of agriculture in the Kermanshah province. According to the findings, the dissemination of knowledge and information required by the stakeholders of the agricultural sector such as farmers and consumers; encouraging the participation of international, national and local institutions and institutions and facilitating and collaborating efforts between the government and local organizations; providing special research and financial services in the field of Conservation agriculture; and providing access for farmers with government funds and support were among the appropriate strategies in the field of promoting Conservation agriculture in Kermanshah province.

Today, engaging in Conservation agriculture is an undeniable necessity, and the knowledge, attitudes and skills the behavior of farmers about Conservation agriculture in Kermanshah Province. Statistical population of this study was farmers in Kermanshah Province. The sample size was determined by Bartlett et al. (2001) (n= 370) panel of experts and the convergent validity was done through calculation (AVE), which was equal to 0. 76. In level of education, participation in educational-extension classes, land, favorable attitude and knowledge in the the amount of these variables, the rate of Conservation agricultural use behavior also increases. The results also showed that the studied farmers have an appropriate and positive attitude towards Conservation agriculture. Farmers' knowledge of Conservation agriculture was also good, but their skills in Conservation agriculture were assessed as low. Therefore, in order to develop Conservation agriculture in Kermanshah province, it is suggested application.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychological factors affecting the Intention of Conservation agricultural behavior of farmers in Sari County based on the Theory of planned behavior model. This research was a descriptive-correlational study (analysis of covariance matrix to test the research model) with the aim of showing the relationship between variables. The population of the study consisted of 30788 farmers in Sari County that 220 were selected through multistage random sampling. Validity of questionnaire was determined through sustainable agricultural experts of Mazandaran County and some faculty members at University of Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources. The reliability was acceptable. Diagnostic validity with using an average variance extracted (AVE) and reliability with using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR) were confirmed. To explain the Effectiveness of psychological factors and the tendency to Conservation agricultural behavior from each other, the method of structural equation modeling with LISREL software, version 8. 80 has been used. According to the results, psychological factors generally explained 96% of the variance Intention Conservation agricultural behavior. When the effects of the three variables of psychological factors were assessed separately on intention of use; the results showed that three variables of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control could explain 66% of the variance in intention of use. In this study, in both models, among the psychological variables, subjective norms were the most effective predictor: in the first model with 74% factor load and in the second model with 39% factor load. In other words, reference groups and their support and agreement were found to be the most effective factors in the intention to Conservation agriculture behavior among farmers of Sari. Therefore, the application of participatory education and extension methods and the impact of community opinion leaders on the credibility of local and technical leaders and sample farmers with farmers on the adoption of Conservation agricultural technologies are undeniable.

Conservation agriculture (CA) is a multi-dimensional approach to sustainable use of soil and water resources and achieving sustainable production to cope with the challenges of the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study was identification and analysis of driving factors of CA development in Iran. In the qualitative part of research, 47 driving factors in eight main categories have identified by exploring relevant journal articles, government documents, CA projects reports and 32 semi-structured interviews with farmers, researchers, and other key stakeholders. Then, confirmatory factor analysis used to confirm the identified driving factors. A sample of 264 experts working in Agricultural Organizations from 9 leading provinces in the field of CA was selected through a purposive sampling method. The survey instrument was a questionnaire that designed based on result of the qualitative part of research. The results showed that the values of average variance extracted for each factor of the model was more than 0. 5 and the values of composite reliability of them was more than 0. 7. Therefore, the function of measurement part of model was proper. Also, the goodness-of-fit indices indicate that the model is consistent with the data. According to results, creating the culture of CA at national and local scale, creating institutional framework, policy making and planning, monitoring and assessment, market interventions and infrastructure, extension and education, supportive and research and development factors are the most effective driving factors to CA development.

The problem of soil erosion in developing countries is much more severe than in developed countries. It is necessary to carry out traditional agriculture among farmers, considering the high cost compared to its profit, Conservation agriculture has become the main goal and research should be done in this field. Therefore, in the first step, the drivers of Conservation agriculture development are identified. This work was done by analyzing the qualitative content of sources and conducting interviews with experts and experts from 22 semi-structured interviews in the province. In the second step, the propellants were ranked and grouped. In the third step, the interpretative structural modeling method was used to determine the level of the main driving forces and the internal relationships between the driving forces. Comprehensive and model drivers were designed and after the formation of a technical committee consisting of 6 people with experts in the driver analysis department, as a result of the content analysis of the interviews in the initial coding stage, 37 driver factors for the development of Conservation agriculture were determined, the initial codes in Eight main groups including policy and planning, structural and institutional, support and financial, monitoring and evaluation, culture building, input market and infrastructure, research and development, promotional and educational were classified. Using interpretive structural modeling method, the eight identified main drivers were placed in four levels. At the first level of the input market and infrastructure, the development of protective agriculture requires these factors as a base. The research results show the effect of this factor on the acceptance of Conservation agriculture development.

Background and Objective: Problems facing the agricultural sector of Kermanshah province, such as; emissions of greenhouse gases, soil erosion, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers have caused that in this province and there is no choice but to turn to Conservation agriculture. Despite promotional activities and programs to promote Conservation agriculture, this has not been well received by farmers, and there are only a handful of farmers who use Conservation agriculture. Therefore, the present study deals with the pathology of non-acceptance of Conservation agriculture in Kermanshah province. Method: The research community in this research is the experts in the Agricultural Conservation Office in Jihad Agricultural Organization of Kermanshah Province. Identification of the samples was done purposefully and using sampling with maximum diversity. The data gathering tool was interviewed and data analysis was content analysis and paradigm model of grounded theory. Findings: The results showed that there are countless factors that prevented farmers from accepting agricultural Conservation, including factors such as lack of government support, economic and cultural problems, lack of access to equipment, etc. Discussion: Considering to findings research on the existence of supportive, economic and cultural barriers and the inability of farmers to deal with these dilemmas and problems., Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policymakers extension and develop agricultural Conservation by removing barriers and holding suitable training courses and field visits to extension of agricultural Conservation.

One of the agricultural approaches in the world to deal with various environmental challenges and erosion is the development of Conservation agriculture with the aim of achieving sustainable production and management of water and soil resources. The main approach of Conservation agriculture is to emphasize not to use insecticides, chemical fertilizers, and herbicides, to use fewer mechanical methods and to use only natural methods. The current research is part of qualitative research in terms of application. Three steps were determined to conduct this research. In the first step, the barriers to the development of Conservation agriculture are identified. This work was done by analyzing the qualitative content of sources and conducting interviews with experts and experts from 22 semi-structured interviews in the province. In the second step, the inhibitors were ranked and grouped. In the third step of patterns, interpretive structural patterning method was used to determine the level of the main inhibitors and the internal relationships between the inhibitors. A comprehensive model of barriers was designed and after the formation of a technical committee consisting of 6 people with experts in the barriers analysis department, as a result of the content analysis of the interviews in the coding stage, 27 barriers were divided into seven barrier groups (financial, credit, service). supportive, educational and knowledge, attitudinal, policy making and planning, structural and institutional, technical and management were divided, structural and institutional factors and policy making and planning are the bases of the model of inhibitors and structural and institutional factors, policy making and Planning and monitoring, evaluation and use of services and incentive packages for farmers are the foundations of the Pishran model.

In recent years, Conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts, development process of this approach is slow and faces many obstacles. In the present study, an attempt was made to examine the obstacles to the development of Conservation agriculture from the mental dimension of the experts of the Research Center. The target population was the experts of Sararud Research Center in Kermanshah in 2019-2020 who were studied purposefully. In this regard, Q methodology was used. This method is one of the mixed research methods. Based on the findings of the Q-factor results, the number and manner of groupings show that the range of mindsets and opinions of experts regarding barriers to Conservation agriculture have differences and similarities. Therefore, according to the purpose of studying Q and the criterion of interpretability of factors or groups, 5 categories (technology-centric, tradition-oriented, knowledge-centered, cognitive-centric, institution-centered) of the mentality and beliefs of experts in Sararud Research Center Kermanshah has been obtained. Each group had different mindsets and attitudes about barriers to the development of Conservation agriculture. Given the prevailing mental model identified (central institution); it is recommended that the government provide incentives and grants (loans, etc) to beneficiaries so that they can apply the method. Protect agricultural farms.

Optimal physical conditions are important for proper germination and improve growth and more crop yeild. In order to investigate the effect of Conservation tillage methods on soil moisture retention capacity and yield of white dry bean (Dorsa variety), in rotation with barley, an experiment was carried out at the Markazi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and education Center during 2017-2018, 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design with 3 replications. Treatments were included: 1-the conventional tillage method (the use of moldboard plow –,Disc), 2-Reduced tillage with chisel-packer, 3-No-tillage. The percentage of crop residues in the conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no tillage methods were 20, 50 and 90%, respectively. The results showed that the highest and the lowest yield was obtained in the reduced and no-tillage with 2869 and 2076 Kg/ha, respectively. The highest soil moisture Conservation was observed in the no-tillage and reduced tillage. So that the amount of soil moisture moisture in the reduced tillage and no tillage on the fourth day after irrigation, were 1 and 1. 8 percent higher than the conventional method, respectively. The results showed that the use of the reduced tillage method compared to the conventional method in drip irrigation method without reducing crop yield leads to more soil moisture retention and thus helps to improve water efficiency in bean production. In general, based on the results, due to the low soil organic matter in the region, using reduced tillage method is a suitable option to conserve soil and water resources and increase water productivity in the bean production.